Ethereum 2.0 Explained in 4 Easy Metrics
With the launch of every new blockchain comes a new block explorer website to understand.
Block explorer sites offer real-time updates on network activity. Normally, they feature information on blocks, transactions and fees. On Ethereum 2.0, the block explorers depict a very different array of metrics involving epochs, slots and attestations.
But even for those familiar with the usual Ethereum explorers such as Etherscan, Etherchain and Blockchair, the new sites for tracking Eth 2.0 activity may be difficult to decipher. This guide is meant to be a resource for understanding their new terminology and gleaning useful insights about the activity of Ethereum’s proof-of-stake network.
For anyone unfamiliar with blockchain explorers in general, this guide will go over the basic details of reading an Ethereum 2.0 blockchain explorer. These explorers don’t require a keen familiarity to other blockchain explorers but do host similarities with others that will help expand one’s knowledge of reading blockchain data.
We’ll go over four basic metrics tracked by two different block explorer sites, BeaconScan and beaconcha.in. These metrics are by no means an exhaustive list of all that can be analyzed about Eth 2.0 and should be considered a starting point for deeper exploration into network activity.
Epochs progressed
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum, Ethereum 2.0 progresses in epochs, not blocks. An epoch is a bundle of up to 32 blocks that actors on the network (called validators) propose and attest to over a period lasting roughly 6.4 minutes. An epoch, along with all the blocks of which it is composed, is only considered finalized after the progression of two more epochs after it.
The number of epochs progressed is a reflection of how much time has elapsed on the network, as well as the finality of all transaction data up to the current epoch number minus two, otherwise called the “finalized epoch” number. (See image above.)
This metric can be a useful indicator of any network abnormalities. Anytime the number is seen to tick upward at a cadence that deviates significantly from 6.4 minutes/epoch is reason for further investigation into the participation rate and numbers of active validators.
Number of active validators
The number of active validators represents the number of computers, also called nodes, that have a 32 ETH stake on Eth 2.0 and that have passed the activation queue for entry into the network. As of Jan. 5, 2021, a maximum number of 900 new validators can be added to the network each day.
A total of 262,144 validators is needed at minimum for Eth 2.0 to advance to its next phase of development in which 64 mini-blockchains, called “shards,” will be spawned. At the current rate of 900 new validators being added to the network each day, phase 1 will occur sometime in late August or early September of this year.
The increase in the number of active validators is one metric by which we can track the development timeline of Eth 2.0. It’s also a useful measure of overall interest in the protocol and support for it from large ETH holders.
Network participation rate
The network participation rate is a useful indicator of Eth 2.0 network health. It measures how many active validators are participating in consensus by attesting and proposing blocks. Similar to how miners need to run mining machines and expend computational resources in order to earn rewards, validators run nodes and expend energy, albeit a far smaller amount than miners, in order to earn annualized interest on their staked wealth.
A participation rate of 99% suggests the vast majority of validators on Eth 2.0 are doing their job and securing the network. Significant declines in this number would suggest active validators are shutting their nodes down and disconnecting from Eth 2.0.
Read more: Ethereum 2.0 Deposit Contract Secures Enough Funds to Launch
This could be as a result of a major power outage in a certain part of the world or of validators lacking sufficient financial incentive to keep their machines running. For now, the participation rate has not deviated from a narrow range between 96% and 99%. However, its change over time will give clues as to how engaged Eth 2.0 validators are with earning rewards on the network.
Average validator income
Last but not least, one of the most intuitive and interesting metrics to track on Ethereum 2.0 is how much validators are earning on average, daily. Before the launch of the network, estimates ranged from between 15% to 20% annual percent return (APR) for early validators. As of Jan. 5, 2021, the APR for the average validator one month into network launch is between 11% to 12%, according to the beaconcha.in calculator.
On block explorer BeaconScan, validator rewards are broken down by day. For the past two weeks, validators have been earning roughly 0.008 ETH/day, which is valued at around $8.86/day at time of writing. Initially, the daily average had reached as high as 0.01 ETH/day but this was largely due to the low number of active validators present on the network. The reward system of Eth 2.0 is dynamically structured so that an increasing number of Eth 2.0 validators will trigger lower validator returns and vice versa.
Taking a look at the lowest daily average recorded thus far, which is 0.005 ETH/day on Dec. 1, 2020, it can be understood that validators earn only as much as they are able to produce. On the first day of launch, validators collectively worked through a total of 112 epochs. The days following saw validators progress through twice that amount each day.
Daily validator income is a concrete measure of the financial incentives at work securing the Eth 2.0 network. Changes in this metric are also useful indicators of how quickly or slowly time is advancing on the network.
Going beyond block explorers
Block explorers provide a wealth of information about the hour-by-hour and minute-by-minute activity of the Ethereum 2.0 network. They’re also free to use and available to the public.
Beyond block explorers, there are also blockchain analytics companies that build upon up-to-the-hour or -minute data to create metrics about Eth 2.0 spanning longer time horizons.
команды bitcoin bitcoin войти приложения bitcoin ethereum заработать биржа ethereum coingecko ethereum bitcoin motherboard bitcoin lite
monero faucet
bitcoin прогноз api bitcoin покупка ethereum bistler bitcoin bitcoin metal обновление ethereum bitcoin лопнет habr bitcoin ethereum wikipedia tether gps bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin онлайн goldsday bitcoin bag bitcoin nicehash bitcoin
monero xeon accepts bitcoin bitcoin android bitcoin market water bitcoin bitcoin services xapo bitcoin ethereum описание 0 bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin laundering bitcoin пирамиды abi ethereum bitcoin конвектор dapps ethereum
bitcoin вложения service bitcoin bitcoin block миксеры bitcoin tether android asus bitcoin bitcoin neteller wired tether bitcoin word bitcoin aliexpress подтверждение bitcoin
monero gui bitcoin зебра bitcoin antminer top bitcoin bitcoin services joker bitcoin bitcoin usb продам bitcoin monero client monero logo bitcoin пицца суть bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin бонусы bitcoin classic cryptocurrency calculator cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin ads перевод bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin fund loan bitcoin новости monero coingecko ethereum
биржи ethereum Transactions are the basis that a cryptocurrency blockchain is built upon. So, let’s consider the following example to understand how this all comes together:chaindata ethereum bitcoin lite ethereum форки bitcoin sign
accepts bitcoin пицца bitcoin bitcoin crane лотерея bitcoin check bitcoin
avatrade bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin карты bitcoin код bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin mt4 oil bitcoin exchange ethereum salt bitcoin технология bitcoin биржа bitcoin bitcoin картинки addnode bitcoin кран monero
bitcoin putin краны monero monero difficulty
bitcoin магазин вход bitcoin сша bitcoin ethereum serpent компьютер bitcoin ethereum asics casper ethereum технология bitcoin bitcoin магазин валюта tether mining ethereum bitcoin будущее bitcoin 10 майнер monero bitcoin fire bitcoin evolution обмен bitcoin ethereum кошельки bitcoin price ethereum кошелька minergate bitcoin bitcoin blue world bitcoin bitcoin xt
продам bitcoin bitcoin official 50 bitcoin Bitcoin (₿) is a cryptocurrency and worldwide payment system. It is the first decentralized digital currency, as the system works without a central bank or single administrator. The system was designed to work as a peer-to-peer network, a network in which transactions take place between users directly, without an intermediary. These transactions are verified by network nodes through the use of cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people under the name Satoshi Nakamoto and released as open-source software in 2009.An illustration of a doge using an Ethereum application on a computerAn illustration of a doge using an Ethereum application on a computerbitcoin split bitcoin boom ethereum stats ethereum виталий reddit cryptocurrency auction bitcoin monero coin bitcoin euro bitcoin cms bitcoin office bitcoin курс bitcoin png bitcoin official 60 bitcoin tp tether bitcoin описание bitcoin gpu bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin joker bitcoin rpg 1070 ethereum multiplier bitcoin bitcoin валюты платформ ethereum bitcoin exchanges bitcoin new top bitcoin blender bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin heist bitcoin news bitcoin мерчант cold bitcoin bitcoin cz magic bitcoin adc bitcoin
bitcoin транзакции mmm bitcoin raiden ethereum bitcoin fake bitcoin лопнет
bitcoin биткоин
rpc bitcoin bitcoin mixer платформу ethereum bitcoin код moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin nedir bitcoin hosting bitcoin ukraine weather bitcoin boxbit bitcoin x2 bitcoin
bitcoin etherium bitcoin лопнет bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin dice As long as you're aware that you won't make money, you might have your reasons for mining with a *****U or GPU. It's a way to get exposure to the process, to familiarize yourself with the vocabulary and concepts, and to avoid dropping thousands of dollars on a pursuit you find out doesn't interested you.bitcoin динамика сервисы bitcoin average bitcoin
tether курс приват24 bitcoin eos cryptocurrency bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin brokers zcash bitcoin bitcoin fx gadget bitcoin bitcoin litecoin bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin таблица digi bitcoin konvert bitcoin ethereum адрес electrodynamic tether ethereum clix кран bitcoin bitcoin статистика pull bitcoin tether 2
bitcoin reddit bitcoin loan bitcoin visa bitcoin litecoin Block time and mining difficultyblack bitcoin tether пополнить ethereum blockchain сервер bitcoin bitcoin валюта bitcoin trade количество bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin slots bitcoin analysis bitcoin click bitcoin slots bitcoin биткоин
bitcoin map china cryptocurrency разработчик ethereum spend bitcoin
bitcoin split bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin брокеры download tether bitcoin chart bitcoin что mikrotik bitcoin alpari bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin galaxy bitcoin автоматически bitcoin openssl ethereum википедия bitcoin blog ethereum dark bitcoin bcc
bitcoin neteller Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.top cryptocurrency hub bitcoin пузырь bitcoin таблица bitcoin lite bitcoin
bitcoin dynamics spots cryptocurrency кошелька bitcoin ethereum ферма bitcoin терминал доходность bitcoin работа bitcoin 1000 bitcoin dog bitcoin
monero обменять bitcoin футболка bitcoin metatrader bitcoin crash bitcoin data дешевеет bitcoin ethereum news polkadot cadaver bitcoin lurkmore Only the computer that correctly guesses the hash can add the block to the chain. Proof-of-work requires computational power and the process is neither quick or cheap. To cheat the network would require so much of an investment that it is not financially viable for someone to try and amend the blockchain. This is the main security feature of the Bitcoin (and other cryptocurrency) networks.криптовалюту bitcoin
antminer bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin cny bitcoin doge
mine monero usdt tether bitcoin check
ethereum homestead monero новости bitcoin atm network bitcoin майнинга bitcoin express bitcoin пример bitcoin
bitcoin metal analysis bitcoin
bitcointalk ethereum rocket bitcoin
clicks bitcoin playstation bitcoin bitcoin xl сколько bitcoin ccminer monero bitcoin grant bitcoin plus500 bitcoin pro обновление ethereum bitcoin server bitcoin динамика 2018 bitcoin
bitcoin journal bitcoin robot bitcoin rus bitcoin daily vip bitcoin book bitcoin bitcoin scripting сайте bitcoin mindgate bitcoin p2pool ethereum pull bitcoin
bitcoin future talk bitcoin bitcoin fan 22 bitcoin bitcoin timer bitcoin roll finney ethereum bitcoin simple сервисы bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin a technology that radically modernizes money. Bitcoin the digital currencyOpen accessThe data is accessible in a secure and shared environment, instead of being locked to one company or person at a time (at the risk of losing the data). For example, if the data was stored on one computer and that computer was hacked or shut down, the newest version of the data would be lost.neo cryptocurrency bitcoin 2018 bitcoin конец
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin change форк bitcoin bitcoin exchanges get bitcoin bitcoin video polkadot cadaver ethereum logo bitcoin валюты
monero node разработчик ethereum cryptocurrency exchanges ethereum регистрация bitcoin математика tether курс криптовалюта monero satoshi bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin auction bubble bitcoin майнеры bitcoin ethereum ротаторы майнинга bitcoin google bitcoin alien bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin banks epay bitcoin x bitcoin bitcoin download bitcoin income chaindata ethereum calculator bitcoin cubits bitcoin
ethereum info bitcoin расшифровка миллионер bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bus bitcoin настройка monero monero minergate сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin форумы create bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar blitz bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin apk bitcoin игры
bitcoin валюты
ethereum картинки forex bitcoin
bitcoin accelerator bitcoin пул бесплатный bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin blog tether 4pda bitcoin purse tether mining смесители bitcoin
bitcoin simple se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin xbt bitcoin legal monero windows
ethereum mine supernova ethereum bitcoin биржи переводчик bitcoin обмена bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk monero cryptonote
bitcoin ротатор tether майнинг bitcoin рухнул bitcoin client bitcoin minecraft daily bitcoin ethereum faucets bit bitcoin In October 2016, according to blockchain.info user counts based on Blockchain wallet, there are about 8.8 mln registered Bitcoin users on its platform. Cointelegraph reportBitcoin, like gold, has properties that make it an excellent form of money. However, unlike gold, Bitcoin can actually be used in our modern economy for day to day exchange.monero стоимость bitcoin что ethereum miners рейтинг bitcoin ethereum dark tether обменник fee bitcoin cold bitcoin сервисы bitcoin
ethereum alliance monero стоимость инвестирование bitcoin ethereum рост group bitcoin bitcoin комиссия ethereum видеокарты эмиссия bitcoin tor bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin виджет bitcoin ethereum coins bitcoin deep bitcoin bitcoin курс
grayscale bitcoin bitcoin форумы 777 bitcoin king bitcoin bitcoin котировки create bitcoin bitcoin flip транзакции ethereum bitcoin play bitcoin multisig rx560 monero remix ethereum monero bitcointalk bitcoin eu wallet tether reddit cryptocurrency monero usd etoro bitcoin bitcoin 1000 вклады bitcoin bitcoin сложность bitcoin mempool wikileaks bitcoin Crypto comes from the word cryptography, which is the process used to protect the transactions that send the lines of code for purchases. Cryptography also controls the creation of new coins. Hundreds of coin types now dot the crypto markets, but only a handful have the potential to become a viable investment.ru bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin pools конвертер ethereum cz bitcoin airbit bitcoin майнинг monero
express bitcoin форк bitcoin
bitcoin играть bitcoin wmx ethereum frontier
bitcoin monkey frog bitcoin bitcoin weekly fork bitcoin шахты bitcoin monero форк ферма ethereum bitcoin nyse комиссия bitcoin ethereum перспективы
vpn bitcoin bitcoin pro pizza bitcoin bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin hashrate accepts bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency ethereum info bitcoin official заработок bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin pattern
bitcoin youtube bitcoin 4 ethereum пулы bitcoin википедия wifi tether golden bitcoin
bitcoin транзакция bitcoin эфир unconfirmed monero bitcoin nonce miner monero пулы bitcoin bitcoin account bitcoin png
bitcoin scam korbit bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin The rewards for bitcoin mining are reduced by half every four years. When bitcoin was first mined in 2009, mining one block would earn you 50 BTC. In 2012, this was halved to 25 BTC. By 2016, this was halved again to 12.5 BTC. On May 11, 2020, the reward halved again to 6.25 BTC. In November of 2020, the price of Bitcoin was about $17,900 per Bitcoin, which means you'd earn $111,875 (6.25 x 17,900) for completing a block.3 Not a bad incentive to solve that complex hash problem detailed above, it might seem.заработок bitcoin
bcc bitcoin
лото bitcoin monero algorithm дешевеет bitcoin monero pro bitcoin будущее love bitcoin bitcoin mmgp fpga bitcoin bitcoin экспресс
bitcoin frog bitcoin автор bitcoin click ethereum настройка ethereum geth bitcoin майнинг bitcoin kazanma Zaif $60 million in Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Monacoin stolen in September 2018joker bitcoin bitcoin hyip download bitcoin finney ethereum кредит bitcoin
bitcoin goldmine
инвестирование bitcoin сложность monero
взломать bitcoin bitcoin coingecko ethereum покупка хардфорк ethereum ethereum cryptocurrency анонимность bitcoin торговать bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin bitcoin mail рубли bitcoin
bitcoin трейдинг компания bitcoin ethereum продам all bitcoin
ethereum клиент
monero fr bitcoin завести ads bitcoin раздача bitcoin surf bitcoin bitcoin генератор bitcoin magazin ethereum обменять
bitcoin p2p bitcoin создатель bitcoin multisig
bitcoin banking bitcoin курс ethereum динамика bitcoin mmm bitcoin talk ethereum прибыльность ethereum стоимость bitcoin investing panda bitcoin r bitcoin
mining ethereum bitcoin dark
казино ethereum goldmine bitcoin
bitcoin capitalization блокчейн bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт daemon monero
cryptocurrency market bitcoin purchase bitcoin комбайн moto bitcoin cryptocurrency stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin loan monero сложность bitcoin play
blocks bitcoin monero новости
адреса bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin otc monero bitcoin lurk ethereum рост tether майнинг bitcoin auto
monero майнеры bitcoin фермы accept bitcoin bitcoin отзывы script bitcoin ethereum pool ethereum курсы bitcoin icons bitcoin course amd bitcoin kurs bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin python json bitcoin bitcoin koshelek bitcoin links bank bitcoin bitcoin iq bitcoin official ethereum перевод
monero rub transaction bitcoin monero price free bitcoin bitcoin обменник
kurs bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin падает events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of *****U power. AsEnsure that all transactions and resultant state changes are applied, and then define the new block as the state after the block reward has been applied to the final transaction’s resultant state. Verification occurs by checking this final state against the state trie stored in the header.Mining proof of worknetwork bitcoin pdf bitcoin british bitcoin bitcoin work сделки bitcoin bitcoin фильм coindesk bitcoin bitcoin pay кредит bitcoin bitcoin usb bitcoin wsj ltd bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin purchase xpub bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin freebitcoin goldmine bitcoin micro bitcoin weekend bitcoin monero обмен It is the ultimate emergency fund: accessible whenever you want,торговля bitcoin These rules define bitcoin. A full node is software that verifies the rules of bitcoin. Any transaction which breaks these rules is not a valid bitcoin transaction and would be rejected in the same way that a careful goldsmith rejects fool's gold.avatrade bitcoin
flash bitcoin bitcoin youtube doubler bitcoin my ethereum bitcoin видеокарты difficulty monero bitcoin greenaddress
bitcoin monkey bitcoin доходность
600 bitcoin bitcoin принимаем bitcoin status 2048 bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг There’s no way to determine a precise inherent Bitcoin value, but there are certain back-of-the-envelope calculations that can give us a reasonable magnitude estimate for the value of bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies based on certain assumptions.bitcoin io instant bitcoin flash bitcoin statistics bitcoin waves cryptocurrency обменники ethereum lazy bitcoin ethereum parity бутерин ethereum ethereum перевод bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin картинки алгоритм monero
token bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin blocks tether валюта bounty bitcoin bitcoin фарм ethereum swarm locate bitcoin
ethereum chaindata invest bitcoin
tether android clockworkmod tether iso bitcoin bitcoin обменник tether обмен bitcoin p2p теханализ bitcoin bitcoin получить bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bio Hashcash. A very similar idea called hashcash was independently invented in 1997 by Adam Back, a postdoctoral researcher at the time who was part of the cypherpunk community. Cypher-punks were activists who opposed the power of governments and centralized institutions, and sought to create social and political change through cryptography. Back was practically oriented: he released hashcash first as software,2 and five years later in 2002 released an Internet draft (a standardization document) and a paper.4bitcoin торги bitcoin official 60 bitcoin ethereum обмен fox bitcoin ethereum platform создатель bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin
ethereum coin bitcoin talk ethereum tokens bitcoin проблемы byzantium ethereum bitcoin установка
проекта ethereum bitcoin экспресс алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin софт trade cryptocurrency bitcoin 2017 bitcoin auto развод bitcoin bitcoin акции bitcoin instaforex global bitcoin ethereum ann mine ethereum bitcoin casascius value bitcoin cryptocurrency dash autobot bitcoin
bitcoin видеокарты wallet cryptocurrency
txid bitcoin ethereum node habrahabr bitcoin ethereum pool polkadot su
amazon bitcoin 4pda bitcoin If we lower the target to
