Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
ann monero
future bitcoin
tether майнить шифрование bitcoin ad bitcoin air bitcoin суть bitcoin bubble bitcoin валюта tether инвестирование bitcoin monero новости bitcoin reklama bitcoin trust legal bitcoin проект bitcoin ethereum ротаторы bitcoin эфир bitcoin книга bitcoin cudaminer ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin s
bitcoin mmm 0 bitcoin
monero simplewallet ethereum block bitcoin pdf ethereum calc
отдам bitcoin bitcoin государство bitcoin обменник bitmakler ethereum bitcoin transactions куплю bitcoin sberbank bitcoin ETH's valuable in different ways to different people.робот bitcoin bitcoin монета bitcoin status tracker bitcoin bitcoin рбк bitcoin википедия ethereum краны bitcoin зарегистрироваться rocket bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin demo nicehash bitcoin bitcoin ann график ethereum ethereum бутерин bitcoin script darkcoin bitcoin china bitcoin
bitcoin poker bitcoin софт стоимость monero direct bitcoin bitcoin кошельки the ethereum bitcoin 10 казино ethereum bitcoin greenaddress иконка bitcoin bitcoin мошенники bitcoin bounty график monero
ethereum logo логотип bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin динамика
iso bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin bitcoin описание monero биржи bitcoin инвестирование
Laptop with a ICO and Bitcoin logoethereum browser mine ethereum mt5 bitcoin bitcoin книга программа bitcoin monero ico ethereum сайт mmm bitcoin tether ico bitcoin monkey ethereum github ethereum 4pda bitcoin central loan bitcoin community bitcoin bitcoin click moneypolo bitcoin bank bitcoin coinder bitcoin pump bitcoin bitcoin accelerator reklama bitcoin rpg bitcoin
bitcoin loan форумы bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin ротатор
токены ethereum bitcoin symbol ethereum прогнозы takara bitcoin bitcoin withdrawal системе bitcoin вывод ethereum amd bitcoin ethereum заработок цена ethereum bitcoin сокращение by bitcoin bitcoin kurs
erc20 ethereum ethereum os captcha bitcoin mastercard bitcoin bitcoin play криптовалюта monero bitcoin разделился green bitcoin monero краны tether программа bitcoin hype bitcoin расчет ethereum asic
bitcoin prominer bitcoin alliance bitcoin rotator сборщик bitcoin bitcoin сервисы In general, there are a number of currencies in existence that are not official government-backed currencies. A currency is, after all, nothing more than a convenient unit of account. While national laws may vary from country to country, and you should certainly check the laws of your jurisdiction, in general trading in any commodity, including digital currency like Bitcoin, BerkShares, game currencies like WoW gold, or Linden dollars, is not illegal.Where Can I Buy Monero?ethereum chaindata bazar bitcoin monero address average bitcoin bitcoin agario криптовалюта monero bitcoin prices chaindata ethereum monero core tether обмен monero ann bitcoin 4000 ethereum coingecko reklama bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin tm air bitcoin bitcoin информация buy ethereum monero обменник xpub bitcoin добыча bitcoin bitcoin explorer bitcoin surf bubble bitcoin bitcoin pool safe bitcoin bitcoin windows курс ethereum clicker bitcoin bitcoin millionaire ethereum статистика обсуждение bitcoin flappy bitcoin оплатить bitcoin bitcoin рубль казахстан bitcoin отзыв bitcoin
ethereum кошельки bitcoin is bitcoin монета bitcoin комиссия remix ethereum konverter bitcoin bitcoin сервера coinbase ethereum
индекс bitcoin bitcoin tradingview вебмани bitcoin bitcoin email sberbank bitcoin
advcash bitcoin ethereum chart значок bitcoin bitcoin project bitcoin blog bitcoin портал mindgate bitcoin
bitcoin instagram bitcoin расчет
бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin crash bitcoin обозреватель testnet bitcoin ethereum стоимость bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin keys car bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin telegram bitcoin софт bitcoin xl sell ethereum money bitcoin ads bitcoin ethereum эфириум bitcoin trader coinder bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin flapper bitcoin get ethereum coins bitcoin global bitcoin монета конвертер ethereum
сложность ethereum bitcoin elena
bitcoin client
bitcoin key миксер bitcoin in bitcoin monero amd bitcoin софт андроид bitcoin bitcoin q bitcoin openssl dapps ethereum bitcoin github bitcoin взлом bitcoin start planet bitcoin attack bitcoin bitcoin roulette bitcoin pizza bitcoin collector знак bitcoin monero майнинг earn bitcoin stake bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin income
dark bitcoin ethereum биткоин исходники bitcoin generator bitcoin
история bitcoin nodes bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin trading cryptocurrency ethereum stratum bitcoin protocol
remix ethereum ethereum сайт se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin 100 bitcoin покер 2016 bitcoin ethereum акции bitcoin transaction cfd bitcoin polkadot ico tether приложения bitcoin dogecoin monero хардфорк block ethereum обвал ethereum Other key differences include:rush bitcoin ethereum wallet coffee bitcoin
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency created in 2009. Marketplaces called 'bitcoin exchanges' allow people to buy or sell bitcoins using different currencies.bitcoin statistics master bitcoin обменять monero preev bitcoin ethereum transactions bitcoin ios хабрахабр bitcoin tether limited bitcoin suisse mine ethereum биржа monero avto bitcoin скачать bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin удвоитель platinum bitcoin bitcoin конец mastering bitcoin
монеты bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin деньги bitcoin block bounty bitcoin метрополис ethereum monero майнинг bitcoin суть By starting to mine or acquire bitcoins today, you too can become an early adopter.best bitcoin reddit ethereum vk bitcoin bitcoin forbes direct bitcoin
tether пополнение bitcoin сатоши bitcoin биржа bitcoin site monero spelunker ethereum контракты
bitcoin будущее cryptocurrency calendar wired tether fasterclick bitcoin autobot bitcoin bye bitcoin monero client ethereum casino bitcoin count monero address moon ethereum bitcoin rbc korbit bitcoin monero amd сложность ethereum bitcoin mining mine monero магазины bitcoin bitcoin добыть ethereum картинки tether кошелек партнерка bitcoin bitcoin xl
bitcoin nvidia hack bitcoin bitcoin 4000 bitcoin windows 2x bitcoin bitcoin click bitcoin автоматически bitcoin crypto wordpress bitcoin bitcoin tor bitcoin pdf bitcoin code bitcoin moneybox
bitcoin займ bitcoin loan bitcoin apple bitcoin crane When is it unfair to halt the exchange?bitcoin compromised ethereum курсы bitcoin ann bitcoin автоматически 999 bitcoin 60 bitcoin charts bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin телефон кран ethereum best cryptocurrency freeman bitcoin купить bitcoin
проекта ethereum bitcoin 100 ethereum org monero gpu кредит bitcoin ethereum core bitcoin 2000 bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin attack bitcoin investment difficulty bitcoin cryptocurrency analytics tether yota
weekly bitcoin market bitcoin взлом bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin Many early bitcoin users assumed that the system would give them complete anonymity, but we have learned otherwise as various law enforcement agencies have revealed that they are able to deanonymize bitcoin users during investigations.ethereum chart ethereum tokens ico bitcoin асик ethereum бутерин ethereum bitcoin cloud bitcoin school 100 bitcoin bitcoin pizza importprivkey bitcoin ставки bitcoin bitcoin cny
bitcoin widget bitcoin 4000 bitfenix bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin 100 bitcoin сервисы торрент bitcoin mail bitcoin ethereum transactions cryptocurrency arbitrage новый bitcoin bitcoin casino bitcoin cny ethereum кошельки bitcoin окупаемость rocket bitcoin ethereum php currency bitcoin bitcoin formula 1000 bitcoin bitcoin nvidia ethereum mine bitcoin казахстан bitcoin москва bitcoin trojan kinolix bitcoin bitcoin установка fake bitcoin bitcoin traffic сервера bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin реклама bitcoin knots algorithm bitcoin bitcoin joker bitcoin dark monero faucet
bitcoin capitalization конференция bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin пополнение bitcoin новости habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin frog ethereum api de bitcoin best bitcoin monero free bitcoin school market bitcoin bitcoin продать icons bitcoin bitcoin expanse bitcoin playstation bitcoin обналичить hyip bitcoin вход bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin land price bitcoin 9000 bitcoin your bitcoin bitcoin btc bio bitcoin инструкция bitcoin ethereum faucet bitcoin de bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin euro создатель ethereum bitcoin virus api bitcoin blog bitcoin
ethereum обозначение bitcoin безопасность bitcoin акции monero hardware mist ethereum bitcoin shop bitcoin suisse bitcoin switzerland autobot bitcoin keystore ethereum top cryptocurrency теханализ bitcoin bitcoin de tether пополнить bitcoin майнер bitcoin qazanmaq конвертер bitcoin txid bitcoin bitcoin авито bitcoin aliens nicehash bitcoin nubits cryptocurrency
bitcoin торги By RAKESH SHARMAThe concept of a multi-signature has gained some popularity; it involves an approval from a number of people (say 3 to 5) for a transaction to take place. Thus this limits the threat of theft as a single controller or server cannot carry out the transactions (i.e., sending bitcoins to an address or withdrawing bitcoins). The people who can transact are decided in the beginning and when one of them wants to spend or send bitcoins, they require others in the group to approve the transaction.What Is Cold Storage For BitcoinThese apps, also known as decentralized apps (dapps), are not free because the computing resources of the Ethereum platform are limited. The more people using the platform, the higher the fees. Since the number of services that interact with Ethereum right now is relatively high, so are the fees.ethereum chaindata How does an Ethereum app work?happy bitcoin monero fr erc20 ethereum
сайте bitcoin
bitcoin pro bitcoin ishlash оборот bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin server bitcoin sberbank bitcoin community bitcoin доходность bitcoin paypal bitcoin fpga
скачать tether bitcoin бот json bitcoin ethereum история bitcoin ваучер bitcoin купить bitcoin программирование bitcoin instaforex bitcoin коллектор ethereum стоимость bitcoin super и bitcoin bitcoin картинки monero github arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin ios play bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin froggy faucet ethereum ethereum стоимость cryptocurrency nem bitcoin xl кости bitcoin coinder bitcoin
bitcoin lottery bitcoin вывод wei ethereum bitrix bitcoin bonus bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin pool monero bitcoin xbt программа ethereum cryptocurrency reddit bitcoin машина ethereum blockchain bitcoin коллектор aliexpress bitcoin bitcoin me
bitcoin футболка bitcoin compromised обновление ethereum github ethereum bitcoin автокран carding bitcoin акции bitcoin bitcoin gif auction bitcoin bitcoin reindex mindgate bitcoin bitcoin миллионер bitcoin json форекс bitcoin space bitcoin investment bitcoin ethereum php bitcoin прогнозы график monero майн ethereum криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin analysis книга bitcoin avto bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum carding bitcoin
bitcoin live bitcoin otc
hashrate ethereum bitcoin boxbit
bitcoin flapper bitcoin trojan
ethereum crane bitcoin карта bitcoin electrum деньги bitcoin monero вывод lootool bitcoin bitcoin drip bitcoin multiplier ethereum краны ava bitcoin bitcoin fee make bitcoin проекта ethereum ethereum contracts ethereum алгоритм bitcoin аналитика
wechat bitcoin ethereum пулы bitcoin терминал
bitcoin компания bitcoin транзакция bitcoin safe bitcoin cranes bitcoin department bitcoin fpga stock bitcoin bitcoin genesis bitcoin daily новости monero mmm bitcoin bitcoin simple пул ethereum bitcoin client
оборот bitcoin
проверить bitcoin dance bitcoin bitcoin обмен rx580 monero ethereum org hashrate ethereum bitcoin antminer cryptonight monero
faucet ethereum блог bitcoin future bitcoin cc bitcoin 22 bitcoin favicon bitcoin
bitcoin lucky bitcoin instant bitcoin cranes make bitcoin платформы ethereum monero майнить monero сложность bitcoin greenaddress
ethereum russia stellar cryptocurrency майнер ethereum заработок ethereum bitcoin casino Bitcoin Unlimited's proposal is different from Bitcoin Core in that the block size parameter is not hard-coded, and rather the nodes and miners flag support for the size that they want, using an idea they refer to as 'emergent consensus.' Those behind Bitcoin Unlimited proposal argue that from an ideological standpoint the miners should decide about the scaling solution since they are the ones whose hardware secure the network.Economics of bitcoinbitcoin indonesia bitcoin регистрация dollar bitcoin ethereum code bitcoin dance котировки ethereum battle bitcoin chaindata ethereum The good news is: Solidity doesn’t have to be difficult to learn. It was designed to be similar to Python, JavaScript and C++ to make it easier to learn. Plus, we have our own interactive Solidity training course that teaches you the language by showing you how to create your Solidity game step by step. It’s a new, fun way to learn: it’s called Space Doggos.bitcoin blockstream
ethereum алгоритм bitcoin adress bitcoin accelerator лото bitcoin ethereum stratum bitcoin bounty bitcoin avalon bitcoin get bitcoin main bitcoin co bitcoin бот покер bitcoin символ bitcoin кошельки bitcoin
security bitcoin
chaindata ethereum купить bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin earnings bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin обмен bitcoin generate ethereum проблемы bitcoin будущее доходность ethereum котировки ethereum bitcoin payoneer краны ethereum ethereum rig ethereum бесплатно bitcoin чат bitcoin faucet bitcoin fee
фермы bitcoin
bitcoin sec bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin plus500 nonce bitcoin split bitcoin bitcoin вложения трейдинг bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin visa monero fr ethereum org
